The Science Of PainEverything hurts, the Renaissance legend Michelangelo once declared. Learn To Play Chess With Fritz And Chesster Mac. Lets be honest weve all felt that way at one time or another. Physical pain, emotional pain, aches, soreness, pricks, pangs, twinges, throbs pain is everywhere. In fact, a recent review published in the. BMJ Open journal, part funded by The British Pain Society, has found that a staggering number of people in the UK nearly 2. Pain can be disabling and debilitating, but its also what helps us to survive and protects us from damaging injured parts of our body. Heres what you need to know about the science of pain. Tom Merton via Getty Images. What happens in our bodies when we feel pain When we experience a painful impulse, a lot happens subconsciously before our consciousness settles on whats happened and what the consequence needs to be. The nervous system is far more complex than what most people understand, says Dr. Stephen Humble, Consultant in Pain Medicine and Anaesthesia at the London Pain Clinic. The nervous system is always on, always monitoring the entire body. When you cut your finger with a knife, the prick activates nerve endings in the finger, which then activates a pain signal which is carried by the nerve up the arm into the spinal cord. I/51zNR5zRezL.jpg' alt='How To Use Voltarol Patches' title='How To Use Voltarol Patches' />The nerve interacts with another nerve, which then carries the signal up to the brain, triggering multiple parts of the brain, depending on the location and nature of the injury Is it hot or cold In your leg or arm. What treatments are available Not everyone with psoriasis wants treatment. In fact, once you know what psoriasis is, you may be happy to live with the occasional. Following a fracture, bones tend to heal within six to eight weeks but pain and other physical problems, such as pain and tiredness or fatigue, may continue. I/416es6SQmyL.jpg' alt='How To Use Voltarol Patches' title='How To Use Voltarol Patches' />The brain is able to differentiate between all of these different things. The actions that your brain finally concludes we should take is the global pain experience, explains Dr. Austin Leach, Consultant in Pain Medicine at The British Pain Society. So what has gone on before in your life has a profound impact on your current pain experiences. Getty Images. Pain comes in all shapes and sizesAcute pain is the pain that almost everyone knows, says Dr. Humble. It stops you cutting your finger, putting your hand in the fire, standing on broken glass. It protects us. Chronic pain which typically lasts at least three months usually means a dysfunction of the nervous system, when nerve endings start sending signals to the brain even though theres no peripheral injury. Theres also somatic pain, which refers to the skin, and visceral pain, which is in an organ. Dr. Humble cites angina as an interesting example of visceral pain even though the heart is situated to the left of the chest, pain is experienced as a tightening or crushing in the centre of the chest. Visceral pain can also lead to referred pain, so that an angina sufferer may feel pain going down the left arm, even though there is nothing going on with the left arm. The nerves supplying that part of the arm and the heart share a common pathway with the spinal cord and spinal pathway, and the nerves in the spine cant tell whether theyve been activated by the arm or by the heart, hence why you get pain in both. Thomas Barwick via Getty Images. How do we know what kind of pain were feelingWhy is it that a burn feels different to a muscle tear Youve got specialised nerve endings to thank for that. Your body sends a signal to your brain, alerting it to the type of pain youre in. EB5000005DC-2909789-Six_million_prescriptions_were_written_for_diclofenac_last_year_-m-38_1421242176496.jpg' alt='How To Use Voltarol Patches' title='How To Use Voltarol Patches' />Think of a fibre optic cable you have a bundle of nerves all connected to a specialised nerve ending where one responds to hot temperature, one responds to cold, another nerve ending will respond to pressure, and there are nerves that supply muscles and respond to trauma within the muscles. These different nerve endings are called nociceptors. How can you be seriously injured and feel no pain Victims of shark attacks often speak of how the shark bite didnt hurt, while something emotional like stress can manifest itself as intense physical pain. Say whatIt all comes back to the way the brain works, says Dr. Humble. He gives the example of having no clothes on when youve stepped out of the shower you can tell you have no clothes on, and feel yourself putting a shirt on. But after a few minutes, even though youre still wearing the shirt, your brain ignores it. Peripheral sensation can be ignored by the brain and can be ignored in fight or flight situations, which can have survival benefit for creatures, he says. When fight or flight kicks in and adrenalin is released, it acts as a natural painkiller and gives you the ability to escape from danger this is generally short lived. People who walk on fire or beds of nails share this ability by putting themselves in a trance so that the brain ignores the pain signals. On the other hand, things like worry, stress, or emotional trauma can magnify an individuals pain because of the strong link between mind and body. Stress can cause the nervous system to become overactive and can make the brain hypervigilant to stimulation, so that a mild peripheral injury like a vaccination starts to be perceived as a big injury by someone with a needle phobia. If you become anxious and tense and the nervous system becomes overactive, its primed to send more painful signals. Jan ejka via Getty Images. We all experience pain differentlyPain is a universal human experience, says Dr. Leach. Yet its not an identical one. What I find fascinating is how two people with different cultural beliefs and backgrounds can be given a painful stimulus and will respond so differently. The painful experience is open to as many different interpretations as there are human beings. Trend Micro Officescan Activation Code. You give somebody a strawberry and most people have a similar experience, but you give someone a painful experience and it can range from ecstatic pleasure to agony. Until we know what consciousness is we wont really understand what pain is, he adds. Coping with pain. In addition to pain relief medication, there are psychological approaches to managing chronic pain, from meditation and breathing techniques to visual aids. Relaxation techniques recognise that by doing a basic physical function you can regain control of your subconscious and redirect subconscious thought processes, explains Dr. Leach. For example, those reliving a painful past experience and exhibiting uncomfortable symptoms like rapid heart rate, dry mouth and sweating can modify or reduce their pain with meditation techniques to mitigate the unpleasant side effects and often reduce the overall pain experience as well. Because the human brain is a learning organ, once youve mastered that technique you can reinforce its ability, explains Dr. Leach. Of course, the value of learning these techniques can only be maintained by regular practice and requires a significant amount of self discipline. Muriel de Seze via Getty Images. Whats next in pain scienceAccording to Dr. Humble, there are a number of things going on in the field of pain science, from Professor Tony Dickensons work with molecular mechanisms and developing drugs which specifically target certain areas, to Irene Traceys use of functional MRI scanning techniques to see where pain is felt in the brain. Professor Praveen Anand is working with Qutenza patches, made from 8 capsaicin derived from chili peppers for people with hypersensitive skin from painful scars and shingles. The patches deliberately damage tiny nerve endings under the skin to reduce or eliminate hypersensitivity in selected people. Another field thats expanding is neuromodulation this refers to using electricity to modulate the effects of nerves. Bloch Violin Concerto Pdf Download here.