Punishment Wikipedia. A punishment is the imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon a group or individual, meted out by an authorityin contexts ranging from child discipline to criminal lawas a response and deterrent to a particular action or behaviour that is deemed undesirable or unacceptable. The reasoning may be to condition a child to avoid self endangerment, to impose social conformity in particular, in the contexts of compulsory education or military discipline, to defend norms, to protect against future harms in particular, those from violent crime, and to maintain the lawand respect for rule of lawunder which the social group is governed. Punishment may be self inflicted as with self flagellation and mortification of the flesh in the religious setting, but is most often a form of social coercion. Star Platinum Game on this page. The unpleasant imposition may include a fine, penalty, or confinement, or be the removal or denial of something pleasant or desirable. What Are The Four Primary Aims Of Restorative Justice Programs' title='What Are The Four Primary Aims Of Restorative Justice Programs' />The individual may be a person, or even an animal. Sacred Gold Patch 2.29. The authority may be either a group or a single person, and punishment may be carried out formally under a system of law or informally in other kinds of social settings such as within a family. Negative consequences that are not authorized or that are administered without a breach of rules are not considered to be punishment as defined here. The study and practice of the punishment of crimes, particularly as it applies to imprisonment, is called penology, or, often in modern texts, corrections in this context, the punishment process is euphemistically called correctional process. Research into punishment often includes similar research into prevention. Justifications for punishment include retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and incapacitation. The last could include such measures as isolation, in order to prevent the wrongdoers having contact with potential victims, or the removal of a hand in order to make theft more difficult. Of the four justifications, only retribution is part of the definition of punishment and none of the other justifications is a guaranteed outcome, aside from obvious exceptions such as an executed man being incapacitated with regard to further crimes. If only some of the conditions included in the definition of punishment are present, descriptions other than punishment may be considered more accurate. Inflicting something negative, or unpleasant, on a person or animal, without authority is considered revenge or spite rather than punishment. In addition, the word punishment is used as a metaphor, as when a boxer experiences punishment during a fight. In other situations, breaking a rule may be rewarded, and so receiving such a reward naturally does not constitute punishment. Finally the condition of breaking or breaching the rules must be satisfied for consequences to be considered punishment. Punishments differ in their degree of severity, and may include sanctions such as reprimands, deprivations of privileges or liberty, fines, incarcerations, ostracism, the infliction of pain, amputation and the death penalty. Corporal punishment refers to punishments in which physical pain is intended to be inflicted upon the transgressor. Punishments may be judged as fair or unfair in terms of their degree of reciprocity and proportionality3 to the offense. Punishment can be an integral part of socialization, and punishing unwanted behaviour is often part of a system of pedagogy or behavioral modification which also includes rewards. Definitionsedit. Hester Prynne at the Stocks an engraved illustration from an 1. The Scarlet Letter. Punishment of an offender in Hungary, 1. In philosophyeditVarious philosophers have presented definitions of punishment. Conditions commonly considered necessary properly to describe an action as punishment are thatit is imposed by an authority,it involves some loss to the supposed offender,it is in response to an offence andthe person or animal to whom the loss is imposed should be deemed at least somewhat responsible for the offence. In psychologyeditIntroduced by B. Kendal Dark Tobacco. F. Skinner, punishment has a more restrictive and technical definition. Along with reinforcement it belongs under the operant conditioning category. Operant conditioning refers to learning with either punishment often confused as negative reinforcement or a reward that serves as a positive reinforcement of the lesson to be learned. In psychology, punishment is the reduction of a behavior via application of an unpleasant stimulus positive punishment or removal of a pleasant stimulus negative punishment. Extra chores or spanking are examples of positive punishment, while removing an offending students recess or play privileges are examples of negative punishment. The definition requires that punishment is only determined after the fact by the reduction in behavior if the offending behavior of the subject does not decrease, it is not considered punishment. There is some conflation of punishment and aversives, though an aversion that does not decrease behavior is not considered punishment in psychology. Additionally, aversive stimulus is a label behaviorists generally apply to negative reinforcers as in avoidance learning, rather than punishers. In socio biologyeditPunishment is sometimes called retaliatory or moralistic aggression citation needed it has been observed in allclarification needed species of social animals, leading evolutionary biologists to conclude that it is an evolutionarily stable strategy, selected because it favors cooperative behavior. Examples against sociobiological useeditOne criticism of the claim of all social animals being evolutionarily hardwired for punishment comes from studies of animals, such as the octopuses near Capri, Italy that suddenly formed communal cultures from having, until then lived solitary lives. What Are The Four Primary Aims Of Restorative Justice Programs' title='What Are The Four Primary Aims Of Restorative Justice Programs' />Our staff is working at the leading edge of improving outcomes in our criminal justice system. The+aim+of+Restorative+Practice+in+our+Catholic+School+Communities+%3A.jpg' alt='What Are The Four Primary Aims Of Restorative Justice Programs' title='What Are The Four Primary Aims Of Restorative Justice Programs' />The Master of Criminal Justice MCJ program is for those who wish to enter or advance a criminal justice career, especially those considering advanced studies or. A punishment is the imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon a group or individual, meted out by an authorityin contexts ranging from child. What Are The Four Primary Aims Of Restorative Justice Programs' title='What Are The Four Primary Aims Of Restorative Justice Programs' />During a period of heavy fishing and tourism that encroached on their territory, they started to live in groups, learning from each other, especially hunting techniques. Small, younger octopuses could be near the fully grown octopuses without being eaten by them, even though they, like other Octopus vulgaris, were cannibals until just before the group formationcitation needed. The authors stress that this behavior change happened too fast to be a genetic characteristic in the octopuses, and that there were certainly no mammals or other naturally social animals punishing octopuses for cannibalism involved. The authors also note that the octopuses adopted observational learning without any evolutionary history of specialized adaptation for it. There are also arguments against the notion of punishment requiring intelligence, based on studies of punishment in very small brained animals such as insects. There is proof of honey bee workers with mutations that makes them fertile laying eggs only when other honey bees are not observing them, and that the few that are caught in the act are killedcitation needed. This is corroborated by computer simulations proving that a few simple reactions well within mainstream views of the extremely limited intelligence of insects are sufficient to emulate the political behavior observed in great apes. The authors argue that this falsifies the claim that punishment evolved as a strategy to deal with individuals capable of knowing what they are doing.